Category: 3115-28-4

Koch, Bjoern E. V. published the artcileA quantitative in vivo assay for craniofacial developmental toxicity of histone deacetylases, Application of 2-Butylhexanoic acid, the publication is Toxicology Letters (2021), 20-25, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

Many bony features of the face develop from endochondral ossification of preexisting collagen-rich cartilage structures. The proper development of these cartilage structures is essential to the morphol. formation of the face. The developmental programs governing the formation of the pre-bone facial cartilages are sensitive to chem. compounds that disturb histone acetylation patterns and chromatin structure. We have taken advantage of this fact to develop a quant. morphol. assay of craniofacial developmental toxicity based on the distortion and deterioration of facial cartilage structures in zebrafish larvae upon exposure to increasing concentrations of several well-described histone deacetylase inhibitors. In this assay, we measure the angle formed by the developing ceratohyal bone as a precise, sensitive and quant. proxy for the overall developmental status of facial cartilages. Using the well-established developmental toxicant and histone deacetylase-inhibiting compound valproic acid along with 12 structurally related compounds, we demonstrate the applicability of the ceratohyal angle assay to investigate structure-activity relationships.

Toxicology Letters published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Application of 2-Butylhexanoic acid.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Keane, P. E. published the artcileThe effects of analogs of valproic acid on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol and GABA content in brain of mice, Computed Properties of 3115-28-4, the publication is Neuropharmacology (1983), 22(7), 875-9, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

The effect of valproic?acid??[99-66-1] and 10 analogs (7 branched and 3 nonbranched) was studied on the content of ¦Ã-aminobutyric?acid (GABA) [56-12-2] in the brain of mice and on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol. All 8 branched fatty acids protected against seizures, but the 3 nonbranched acids were inactive. A correlation was observed between side-chain length and anticonvulsant potency. However, sedative and toxic phenomena became apparent with longer chain lengths. The 3 nonbranched fatty acids did not alter levels of GABA in brain, but there was a correlation between anticonvulsant activity and increased brain GABA levels for the 8 branched fatty acids. Despite this correlation, one branched analog, 2-ethylbutyric?acid??[88-09-5], possessed anticonvulsant activity but did not increase the content of GABA in brain.

Neuropharmacology published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Computed Properties of 3115-28-4.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Grinevich, I. A. published the artcileThe ¦Ã-initiated telomerization of ethylene by acetic acid, Synthetic Route of 3115-28-4, the publication is Khimiya Vysokikh Energii (1976), 10(4), 369, database is CAplus.

The increase in the partial chain-transfer constants with increasing chain length in the title telomerization was ascribed to a steric effect. The activation energy of isomerization of the chain was 3.7 kcal-mole.

Khimiya Vysokikh Energii published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Synthetic Route of 3115-28-4.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Adam, Waldemar published the artcilePhotolysis and thermolysis of di-n-butylmalonyl peroxide. Evidence for ¦Á-lactone intermediates, COA of Formula: C10H20O2, the publication is Journal of Organic Chemistry (1978), 43(20), 3886-90, database is CAplus.

Photolysis and thermolysis of di-n-butylmalonyl peroxide (I) affords ¦Á-lactone II as a reaction intermediate. In a nonprotic solvent such as C₆H₆ or n-hexane II polymerizes to give polyester III, while in MeOH or EtOH it is trapped nucleophilically in the form of ROCBu₂CO₂H (R = Me, Et). Some of the ¦Á-lactone decarbonylates into 5-nonanone, but only small amounts decarboxylate to give 4-nonene, presumably via its carbene. In the thermal decomposition of I in MeOH and EtOH ¦Á-lactone formation is competed for by solvolytic reaction. This solvolytic process predominates over ¦Á-lactone formation in the thermolysis of I in EtOH.

Journal of Organic Chemistry published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, COA of Formula: C10H20O2.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Loescher, W. published the artcilePharmacological evaluation of various metabolites and analogs of valproic acid. Anticonvulsant and toxic potencies in mice, SDS of cas: 3115-28-4, the publication is Neuropharmacology (1985), 24(5), 427-35, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

Thirty-two metabolites and analogs of the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (2-propylpentanoic acid) (VPA) were tested for anticonvulsant and toxic effects in mice, in an attempt to find out if any of these compounds were more potent than valproic acid. Valproic acid and ethosuximide, another clin. established antiepileptic drug, were included in these studies for comparison. After i.p. administration, the anticonvulsant potency of the various drugs was determined in 3 seizure tests: the threshold for maximal electroconvulsants, the maximal electroshock seizure test and seizures induced by s.c. injection of pentylenetetrazole. For the most potent compounds median minimal neurotoxic doses (TD₅₀s) and LD₅₀s (after i.p. and i.v. injection) were determined Valpramide??[2430-27-5], the primary amide of valproic acid, proved to be the most potent compound in the 3 seizure tests, used, being 2-5 times as potent as valproic acid, but valpramide was also considerably more sedative and toxic than valproic acid or ethosuximide. Of the metabolites of valproic acid tested, the unsaturated compounds 4-en-valproic?acid (4-en-VPA) [1575-72-0] and the trans-isomer of 2-en-valproic acid (2-en-VPA) [33786-47-9] were the most potent and, depending on the seizure test used, reached 60-100% of the efficacy of the parent drug. Both metabolites had LD₅₀ values which were similar or greater than those of valproic acid but they were more sedative than the parent compound Analogs of valproic acid with shorter side-chain lengths were only weakly active as anticonvulsants, whereas elongation of the side-chains led to increases in anticonvulsant cyclic compounds in which the side-chains have been closed to a ring were inactive or only weakly active. However, addition of a Me group in position 1 at the ring of cyclohexanoic acid markedly increased the anticonvulsant potency without altering LD₅₀ values. Similarly, introduction of an addnl. branching with a Me group at C2 of analogs of valproic acid led to considerable enhancement of anticonvulsant effectiveness. Although these methyl substituted compounds were more sedative than valproic acid, they seem to be interesting tools with regard to the structural prerequisites of anticonvulsant, toxic and teratogenic effects of branched fatty acids.

Neuropharmacology published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, SDS of cas: 3115-28-4.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Svensson, Leif published the artcileThe relationship between the structure of monoalkyl branched saturated fatty acids and some physical properties, Application In Synthesis of 3115-28-4, the publication is Lipids (1993), 28(10), 899-902, database is CAplus.

The gel point and the refractive index of monoalkyl branched saturated fatty acids, e.g., 2-methylhexanoic acid and 16-ethyloctadecanoic acid, were determined and related to the structure of the acids. A three-factor central composite face-centered design was constructed where the three variables were the length of the main chain, the branching position and the length of the side chain. Second-order models were calculated in which the two properties were related to the structure. In order to confirm the validity of the models, two addnl. fatty acids were analyzed. The gel point was found to be proportional to the length of the main chain and the square of the branching position whereas the refractive index was proportional to the length of both the main and the side chain and also to the square of the main chain.

Lipids published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C14H10N2O, Application In Synthesis of 3115-28-4.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Shostenko, A. G. published the artcileRadiation-initiated reaction of ethylene with carboxylic acids, Product Details of C10H20O2, the publication is Khimiya Vysokikh Energii (1976), 10(4), 371-3, database is CAplus.

In the radiochem. telomerization of C2H4 with RCO2H (R = C1-7 n-alkyl) the activation energy of chain isomerization was greater than the activation energies of chain growth and chain transfer, which were equal. A steric effect was observed as the chain grew.

Khimiya Vysokikh Energii published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H16O2, Product Details of C10H20O2.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Chapman, Astrid G. published the artcileAcute anticonvulsant activity of structural analogs of valproic acid and changes in brain GABA and aspartate content, Computed Properties of 3115-28-4, the publication is Life Sciences (1983), 32(17), 2023-31, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

Ten analogs of valproic acid (substituted butyric, pentanoic and hexanoic acids) were tested for anticonvulsant activity against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice. There is a consistent correlation between the structure of these branched-chain fatty acids and their anticonvulsant potency, the larger mols. being the more active. There is also a strong correlation between the anticonvulsant potency of these compounds and their ability to reduce cerebral aspartate??[56-84-8] levels. Cerebral GABA??[56-12-2] levels are elevated by most, but not all, of the actively anticonvulsant valproate analogs.

Life Sciences published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Computed Properties of 3115-28-4.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Levene, P. A. published the artcileWalden inversion. XVII. Optical rotations in homologous series of carboxylic acids, Product Details of C10H20O2, the publication is Journal of Biological Chemistry (1932), 153-64, database is CAplus.

cf. C. A. 24, 5741; 25, 4847. In support of the view, previously stated, that the rotation of a substance is derived from 2 major contributing groups, with minor changes due to interaction effects, acids of the type MeCHR(CH₂)_nCO₂H were prepared and resolved. The group R varies from Me to Am, and for each value of R, n was varied between 0 and 3. The following compounds were prepared and their theoretical maximum rotations (M calculated) obtained from the degree of racemization of the parent compound The contribution of the alkyl group R is pos., increasing with weight, while that of the (CH₂)_nCO₂H group is neg., alternating in magnitude, the rotations of the compounds in which n is 0, 2 and 4 being more neg. than those in which it is 1 and 3. 1-2-Propylhexanoic 6-acid (I), from 1-bromo-3-methylhexane and (CO₂Et)₂CHNa by refluxing, extracting with Et₂O, hydrolyzing with alc. KOH, extracting the acid with Et₂O and heating till CO₂ was all evolved, b₅ 127¡ã, d₄²⁵ 0.901, [¦Á]_D²⁵ -0.37¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ -0.58¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ calculated -3.67¡ã. 1-2-Butylhexanoic 6-acid, prepared as I, b₃ 130¡ã, d₄²⁵ 0.897, [¦Á]_D²⁵ -0.50¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ -0.86¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ calculated -1.6¡ã. 1-2-Amylhexanoic 6-acid, b₃ 135¡ã, d₄²⁵ 0.893, [¦Á]_D²⁵ -0.18¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ -0.33¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ calculated -0.6¡ã. d-3-Methylhexanoic acid (II), by passing CO₂ into 1-chloro-3-methylpentane and Mg in dry Et₂O, chilling, adding HCl and extracting with Et₂O, b₁₆ 115¡ã, d₄²² 0.923, [¦Á]_D²² 3.09¡ã, [M]_D²² 4.02¡ã, [M]_D²² calculated 13.6¡ã. d-4-Methylheptanoic 7-acid, prepared as II, b₂₂ 132¡ã, d₄²⁴ 0.882, [¦Á]_D²⁴ 2.11¡ã, [M]_D²⁴ 3.04¡ã, [M]_D²⁴ calculated 6.9¡ã. 1-5-Methyloctanoic 8-acid, as II, b₂₂ 149¡ã, d₄²⁵ 0.871, [¦Á]_D²⁵ -1.33¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ [M]_D²⁵ -2.10¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ calculated -4.1¡ã. 1-6-Methylnonanoic 9-acid, as II, b₂₂ 156¡ã, d₄²⁵ 0.871, [¦Á]_D²⁵ -0.59¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ -1.01¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ calculated -1.9¡ã. d-3-Methylheptanoic 7-acid, as II, b₂₀ 128¡ã, d₄²⁶ 0.893, [¦Á]_D²⁶ 2.47¡ã, [M]_D²⁶ 3.56¡ã, [M]_D²⁶ calculated 11.07¡ã. d-3-Methyloctanoic 8-acid, as I, b₂₀ 139¡ã, d₄²⁵ 0.899, [¦Á]_D²⁵ 2.49¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ 3.93¡ã, [M]_D²⁵ calculated 12.22¡ã. 1-1-Amino-2-methylhexane was prepared from 2-butylbutyric 4-acid to correlate this with 2-butylpropionic 3-acid, by refluxing with SOCl₂, pouring into NH₄OH, crystallizing the amide and treating with Br₂ and KOH. After extracting with ether, the dried product was distilled from Na₂SO₄, b₂₂ 62¡ã, d₄²⁷ 0.773, [¦Á]_D²⁷ -11.75¡ã, [M]_D²⁷ -13.51¡ã.

Journal of Biological Chemistry published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Product Details of C10H20O2.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Nau, Heinz published the artcilePharmacologic evaluation of various metabolites and analogs of valproic acid: teratogenic potencies in mice, Related Products of catalysis-chemistry, the publication is Fundamental and Applied Toxicology (1986), 6(4), 669-76, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

The teratogenicity of valproic?acid (VPA) [99-66-1] and its metabolites and analogs was tested in mice following a single s.c. injections of 600 mg/kg on day 8 of gestation. VPA was highly teratogenic at this dose level and >60% of live fetuses had neural tube defects (exencephaly). Homologous compounds with shorter or longer alkyl chains were less teratogenic than VPA. Substitution of the ¦Á-H atoms in related branched carboxylic acids by Me or Et groups abolished the teratogenic response. Introduction of a double bond in the ¦Ø-position of VPA (4-en-VPA [1575-72-0]) did not change the teratogenicity of VPA, while a ¦Ø-2 double bond (2-en-VPA [60218-41-9]) abolished teratogenicity. The other VPA metabolites tested as well as 2 straight-chain acids (n-octanoic?acid??[124-07-2] and 4-pentenoic?acid??[591-80-0]) and the 2 clin. used substances valpromide??[2430-27-5] and ethosuximide??[77-67-8] did not induce neural tube defects, although some of them induced slightly increased resorption rates and fetal weight retardation. The serum-protein-binding capacities of the various compounds did not correlate with the teratogenic response. Also the concentrations reached in the gestational material did not predict the teratogenicity of the substances tested. Apparently, the teratogenicity of the class of compounds studied represents a more specific effect than the anticonvulsant activity, which could lead to the development of alternative antiepileptic drugs with low embryotoxic potential.

Fundamental and Applied Toxicology published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Related Products of catalysis-chemistry.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia