Category: 3115-28-4

Klug, Stephan published the artcileEffects of valproic acid, some of its metabolites and analogs on prenatal development of rats in vitro and comparison with effects in vivo, COA of Formula: C10H20O2, the publication is Archives of Toxicology (1990), 64(7), 545-53, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

Using a whole-embryo culture system, valproic acid (VPA) and some of its metabolites and analogs were tested for their teratogenic effects. With regard to embryonic growth, development, and abnormality rate, the tested compounds showed a wide range of teratogenic potency in vitro. Pregnant rats were also treated s.c. on day 10 of gestation with 2 ¡Á 330 mg VPA/kg or 2 ¡Á 400 mg 2-en-VPA/kg. Evaluation of the embryos was performed on day 11.5 of gestation, corresponding to the in vitro experiments VPA showed a high potential to induce abnormal development in vivo as well as in vitro, whereas 2-en-VPA was inactive. The predictive value of an in vitro test system for the detection of embryotoxic effects, such as validation and significance of pharmacokinetic data, are discussed.

Archives of Toxicology published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, COA of Formula: C10H20O2.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Gronowitz, Salo published the artcileOn the syntheses of triacylglycerols from branched saturated fatty acids, Category: catalysis-chemistry, the publication is Lipids (1997), 32(6), 667-673, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

A number of triacylglycerols with branched acyl groups were prepared via 1,2-isopropylidene glycerol for the purpose of studying three different phys. properties: gel point, refractive index, and d. The monoacid triacylglycerols were prepared either via the corresponding acids or the acyl chlorides.

Lipids published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Category: catalysis-chemistry.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Gronowitz, Salo published the artcileOn the syntheses of branched saturated fatty acids, Application In Synthesis of 3115-28-4, the publication is Lipids (1993), 28(10), 889-97, database is CAplus.

To investigate the relation between the structure of mono-branched saturated fatty acids and their phys. properties, a three-factor central composite design was constructed. Sixteen different fatty acids were prepared, generally from a few common starting materials. Thus alkylation and hydrolysis of oxazolines were used for the preparation of 2-butylhexanoic acid, 2-methyloctadecanoic acid, 2-hexadecyloctadecanoic acid and 2-pentyloctadecanoic acid. Some acids were prepared from thiophene derivatives followed by desulfurization with Raney-Nickel alloy under alk. conditions. Thus, starting from 3-ethylthiophene, 4-ethyl-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid and 4-ethyl-2-methyl-5-thiophenecarboxylic acid were prepared, which upon desulfurization gave the desired 4-methylhexanoic acid. 3-Bromo-2-methylthiophene gave 3-ethyl-2-methyl-5-thiophenecarboxylic acid via 3-acetyl-2-methylthiophene and 3-ethyl-2-methylthiophene. Desulfurization gave 4-ethylhexanoic acid. Treating 2-acylthiophenes with Grignard reagents gave the appropriate olefins, whose metalation and reaction with carbon dioxide gave the corresponding 2-thiophenecarboxylic acids.. This method gave 6-propyldecanoic acid, 6-hexyldodecanoic acid, 6-methyldodecanoic acid and 6-pentylpentadecanoic acid. The remaining four acids were prepared from some of the branched acids described above through Kolbe reactions of dioic acids. Thus 16-methyloctadecanoic acid and 10-methyldodecanoic acid were obtained from 4-methylhexanoic acid, 16-ethyloctadecanoic acid from 4-ethylhexanoic acid and 9-pentyloctadecanoic acid from 6-pentylpentadecanoic acid.

Lipids published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Application In Synthesis of 3115-28-4.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Watkins, John B. published the artcileCholeretic effect of structural analogs of valproic acid in the rat, Product Details of C10H20O2, the publication is Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology (1983), 39(3), 355-66, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

A comparison of structure-choleretic activity relationship were made for several branched- and straight-chain carboxylic acids including valproic?acid??[99-66-1]. Cumulative bile flow was 13.8, 23.8, 29.4 and 14.9 mL/4h/kg for dimethyl- [79-31-2], diethyl- [88-09-5], dipropyl- (valproic acid), and dibutylacetic?acid??[3115-28-4], resp., after i.v. administration of approx. equimolar doses (1100 ¦Ìmoles/kg). Except for dibutylacetic acid, maximal bile flow increased from control rates of 50-60 to 120-140 ¦ÌL/min/kg. Administration of higher doses of 2,2-dimethylbutanoic?acid??[595-37-9] and 2-ethylbutanoic acid did not increase maximal bile flow above 125-140 ¦ÌL/min/kg but did prolong the duration of choleresis. Maximal and cumulative bile flows increased with length of carboxylic acid chain for 2,2-di-Me substituted acids (2,2-dimethylacetic?acid??[79-31-2] to 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid). If the 2 Me groups were on C-3 (3-methylbutanoic?acid??[503-74-2]), no change in bile flow was observed Straight-chain acids from C-5 to C-11 and pent-4-enoic acid did not alter bile flow. Thus, the effectiveness of several branched-chain carboxylic acids as choleretics parallel their ability as anticonvulsants. In contrast, the straight-chain acids which cause central nervous system depression have no choleretic activity.

Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H11NO4, Product Details of C10H20O2.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Kirillova, Marina V. published the artcileMild, single-pot hydrocarboxylation of linear C₅-C₉ alkanes into branched monocarboxylic C₆-C₁₀ acids in copper-catalyzed aqueous systems, Related Products of catalysis-chemistry, the publication is Applied Catalysis, A: General (2011), 401(1-2), 106-113, database is CAplus.

A single-pot method has been developed for the hydrocarboxylation of the liquid C₅-C₉ alkanes (n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane and 3-methylhexane) into the branched monocarboxylic C₆-C₁₀ acids bearing one more carbon atom. This method is characterized by a direct, selective and low-temperature (60 ¡ãC) hydrocarboxylation reaction of the alkane with carbon monoxide, water (which acts as a reagent besides being a solvent component) and potassium peroxodisulfate, in H₂O/MeCN medium. The hydrocarboxylations are markedly enhanced in the presence of a tetracopper(II) triethanolaminate complex as a homogeneous catalyst precursor. Total yields (based on alkane) of carboxylic acids up to 46% (with 97-99% overall selectivity) have been achieved, which are remarkable in the field of alkane functionalization under mild conditions, especially for a C-C bond formation reaction in aqueous acid-solvent-free medium. The regio- and bond selectivity parameters have been determined and a free radical mechanism has been proposed.

Applied Catalysis, A: General published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Related Products of catalysis-chemistry.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Kirillova, Marina V. published the artcileTopologically Unique Heterometallic Cu^II/Li Coordination Polymers Self-Assembled from N,N-bis(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic Acid Biobuffer: Versatile Catalyst Precursors for Mild Hydrocarboxylation of Alkanes to Carboxylic Acids, Application of 2-Butylhexanoic acid, the publication is Inorganic Chemistry (2012), 51(9), 5224-5234, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

The facile aqueous medium reactions of Cu(II) nitrate with BES biobuffer [(HOCH₂CH₂)₂N(CH₂CH₂SO₃H), hereinafter referred as H₃bes] in the presence of various benzenecarboxylic acids [benzoic (Hba), 3-hydroxybenzoic (Hhba), and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic (Hdhba) acid] and LiOH gave rise to the self-assembly generation of three new heterometallic Cu^II/Li materials, [Li(H₂O)₄][Cu₄(¦Ì₂-Hbes)₄(¦Ì₂-ba)]¡¤H₂O (1) and [Cu₄(¦Ì₃-Hbes)₄(L){Li(H₂O)₂}]_n¡¤3nH₂O {L = ¦Ì₂-hba (2) and ¦Ì₂-dhba (3)}. They were isolated as air-stable crystalline solids and fully characterized by IR and UV-visible spectroscopy and electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS(¡À), elemental, thermal, and single-crystal x-ray diffraction analyses. The latter revealed that 1–3 have comparable packing patterns and unit cell parameters, being composed of similar [Cu₄(¦Ì-Hbes)₄(¦Ì-carboxylate)]^– cores and [Li(H₂O)₄]⁺ cations (in 1) or [¦Ì-Li(H₂O)₂]⁺ groups (in 2 and 3), which are arranged into discrete 0-dimensional aggregates in 1 or infinite 3-dimensional noninterpenetrating metal-organic networks in 2 and 3. The topol. anal. of the coordination polymers 2 and 3 disclosed the trinodal 3,3,4-connected underlying nets with an unprecedented topol. defined by the point symbol of (4.6.8)₄(4².6)₂(6².16².18²), further simplification of which resulted in the binodal 4,4-connected nets with the pts (PtS) topol. Apart from representing very rare examples of coordination compounds derived from H₃bes, 1–3 feature solubility in H₂O and were applied as efficient and versatile catalyst precursors for the mild (60¡ã) single-pot hydrocarboxylation, by CO and H₂O, of various gaseous, linear, and cyclic C_n (n = 2-9) alkanes into the corresponding C_n+1 carboxylic acids, in H₂O/MeCN medium under homogeneous conditions and in the presence of K peroxodisulfate. Total yields (based on alkane) of carboxylic acids up to 78% were achieved, which are remarkable in the field of alkane functionalization under mild conditions, especially for a C-C bond formation reaction in aqueous acid-solvent-free medium.

Inorganic Chemistry published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Application of 2-Butylhexanoic acid.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Hisaki, Tomoka published the artcileIntegration of read-across and artificial neural network-based QSAR models for predicting systemic toxicity: a case study for valproic acid, Recommanded Product: 2-Butylhexanoic acid, the publication is Journal of Toxicological Sciences (2020), 45(2), 95-108, database is CAplus.

We present a systematic, comprehensive and reproducible weight-of-evidence approach for predicting the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for systemic toxicity by using read-across and quant. structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models to fill gaps in rat repeated-dose and developmental toxicity data. As a case study, we chose valproic acid, a developmental toxicant in humans and animals. High-quality in vivo oral rat repeated-dose and developmental toxicity data were available for five and nine analogs, resp., and showed qual. consistency, especially for developmental toxicity. Similarity between the target and analogs is readily defined computationally, and data uncertainties associated with the similarities in structural, physico-chem. and toxicol. properties, including toxicophores, were low. Uncertainty associated with metabolic similarity is low-to-moderate, largely because the approach was limited to in silico prediction to enable systematic and objective data collection. Uncertainty associated with completeness of read-across was reduced by including in vitro and in silico metabolic data and expanding the exptl. animal database. Taking the “worst-case” approach, the smallest NOAEL values among the analogs (i.e., 200 and 100 mg/kg/day for repeated-dose and developmental toxicity, resp.) were read-across to valproic acid. Our previous QSAR models predict repeated-dose NOAEL of 148 (males) and 228 (females) mg/kg/day, and developmental toxicity NOAEL of 390 mg/kg/day for valproic acid. Based on read-across and QSAR, the conservatively predicted NOAEL is 148 mg/kg/day for repeated-dose toxicity, and 100 mg/kg/day for developmental toxicity. Exptl. values are 341 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day, resp. The present approach appears promising for qual. and quant. in silico systemic toxicity prediction of untested chems.

Journal of Toxicological Sciences published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Recommanded Product: 2-Butylhexanoic acid.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Jiang, Yang published the artcileImproved synthesis and low-temperature performance of a series of saturated ¦Á-branched fatty acids, Recommanded Product: 2-Butylhexanoic acid, the publication is Chemical Papers (2017), 71(12), 2359-2363, database is CAplus.

Five saturated ¦Á-branched fatty acids, also known as Guerbet acids, including ¦Á-propylhexyl acid (G₁), ¦Á-butylhexyl acid (G₂), ¦Á-propyloctyl acid (G₃), ¦Á-butyloctyl acid (G₄), and ¦Á-hexyloctyl acid (G₅), were synthesized in high yields by four-step reaction. Colorless, almost odorless, and oily products were obtained with high purity, whose structures were confirmed by GC, ¹H/¹³C NMR, and ESI-MS characterization. G₁, G₃, and G₄ had pour points lower than -60 ¡ãC, while G₂ and G₅ showed higher pour points (-42 ¡ãC and 6 ¡ãC, resp.) because of their mol. symmetry. Considering the low-temperature properties, G₁, G₃, G₄, and even G₂ held great potential applications in the lubricant and oilfield.

Chemical Papers published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Recommanded Product: 2-Butylhexanoic acid.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Schildknecht, Hermann published the artcileStructure and effects of mustelid ecomones. IV. Analysis of behaviorally active glandular secretions of the badger (Meles meles L.), Name: 2-Butylhexanoic acid, the publication is Chemiker-Zeitung (1984), 108(1), 1-5, database is CAplus.

In the subcaudal gland secretion of male or female badger, which has a function in that it is used to mark territory and prey, as well as other roles in chem. communication, the following fatty acids were identified: propionate??[79-09-4], isobutyrate??[79-31-2], butyrate??[107-92-6], 2-methylbutyrate??[116-53-0], isovalerate??[503-74-2], valerate??[109-52-4], isocaproate??[646-07-1], capryllate??[124-07-2], and methylnonanoate??[1731-84-6]. These fatty acids were in the foul-odor fraction of the secretion, and the odor of the anal gland secretion was also caused by lower fatty acids. However, lipophilic substances, especially higher saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, were also present in both subcaudal and anal gland secretions. The following ketones were also identified in anal gland secretions: 3-butylnonan-2-one??[58766-10-2], 3-butylundecan-2-one??[89355-10-2], 3-butyltridecan-2-one??[89355-11-3], and 3-butylpentadecan-2-one??[89355-12-4].

Chemiker-Zeitung published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Name: 2-Butylhexanoic acid.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia

Narotsky, Michael G. published the artcileDevelopmental toxicity and structure-activity relationships of aliphatic acids, including dose-response assessment of valproic acid in mice and rats, Quality Control of 3115-28-4, the publication is Fundamental and Applied Toxicology (1994), 22(2), 251-65, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

The anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA), or 2-propylpentanoic acid, is a short-chain aliphatic acid that is teratogenic in humans and rodents. VPA and 14 related chems. were screened for developmental toxicity using the Chernoff/Kavlock assay. Test agents, in corn oil, were administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats once daily during organogenesis. The dams were allowed to deliver and the pups were examined postnatally. Segment II studies were also conducted using VPA and pentanoic acid in rats and with VPA in CD-1 mice. In both mice and rats, VPA caused transient maternal ataxia and developmental defects of the digits and, especially, the axial skeleton. Exencephaly, however, was seen only in mice. The screening protocol was effective in prioritizing agents within this class of compounds for more definitive developmental toxicity testing. All congeners tested induced maternal respiratory effects and six compounds caused motor depression. Only 2-ethylhexanoic (2EH) and 2-propylhexanoic (2PH) acid caused dramatic VPA-like effects on rat development (including mortality, extra presacral vertebrae, fused ribs, and delayed parturition), confirming the strict structural requirements for developmental toxicity previously reported for acute exposure in mice. The incorporation of skeletal examinations in the Chernoff/Kavlock assay enabled the detection of the sole developmental effect (increased incidence of lumbar ribs) of 2-butylhexanoic acid. VPA, 2EH, and 2PH were among the compounds that caused maternal motor depression. These data, consistent with previous reports, indicate a broader specificity for activity in the adult nervous system than that in the developing system and suggest differing mechanisms for the two effects.

Fundamental and Applied Toxicology published new progress about 3115-28-4. 3115-28-4 belongs to catalysis-chemistry, auxiliary class Aliphatic Chain, name is 2-Butylhexanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Quality Control of 3115-28-4.

Referemce:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/catalysis/,
Catalysis – Wikipedia